coordinates for this animation and its parametric form (source) : for all points P on the surface of a horn torus with fixed radius r is valid x = r·(1 − cosφ)·cosω y = r·(1 − cosφ)·sinω z = r·sinφ the 'unrolling line', indicated in the animation, is divided into two parts (referring to the standard dynamic horn torus as unit): r > 1 and r < 1 case r > 1: r and ω increase with φ, starting with φ1 = 2π, according r = φ / 2π (↝ r1 = 1) and ω = r·φ = φ2 / 2π (↝ ω1 = 2π), so we have x = (1 − cosφ)·cos(φ2/2π)·φ/2π y = (1 − cosφ) · sin(φ2/2π)·φ/2π z = sinφ · φ/2π (helical lines - at φ = const. each - not to scale), see also case r < 1: |