If you consider the originating sphere as
Riemannian, then the two points which represent zero
and infinity are identical after transformation
to the horn torus! That causes a strange, nearly contradictory topology: the horn torus appears as a simply
connected clopen set* and as differentiable manifold with Riemannian metric, though the topological
properties have to be reviewed (until now science ignored the horn torus completely),
as example we introduce a bijective conformal mapping / conventional method of constructing the horn
torus
*) consider that a line surrounding the horn torus bulge only once (e.g. a longitude) is not a closed curve,
it corresponds to a line with zero as boundary point, but when circling around twice or more, it is closed
without border. This fact will become important later when identifying closed lines on the horn torus
surface through the center ('resonances', Lissajous figures) as figurative analogues to elementary
particles ...
clopen: closed and/or open, depending on interpretation of neighbourhoods of point S (disjoint or connected)
...
topology gets totally intricate when we incorporate inverse figures (as solids and as numbers)
into our reflections (nice ambiguity!), e.g. by simply interchanging longitudes and latitudes. In the
dynamic horn torus model we then change from an infinite number of particles within one universe to an
infinite number of universes within one particle or 'entity', but that's another, exciting story ...
mathematicians, physicists, join in! the horn torus is worth and necessary to be treated scientifically:
the horn torus is an excellent graphical representation of complex numbers, a compactification with
considerable more properties than the Riemann sphere has, it connects zero and infinity in an amazing way,
can be dynamised by two independent turns, rotation around the axis and revolution around the torus bulge,
what creates an incredible complexity and forms a coherent comprehensive entity, also explaining the
potential for self-interaction and fractal order of complex numbers, and finally - most important - horn
tori can be interlaced into one another and so very well symbolise correlation between entities, easily
interpretable as physical objects: 'space', 'time', 'particles', 'forces' ...
... and considered more generally: classical mathematics* does not offer any well-elaborated and consistent
theory of topological systems ('spaces') that are based on (respectively 'spanned' by) continuously and
dynamically changing coordinates. Most practically working physicists doesn't bother that too much. They
may be happy and content with their sophisticated software for computer simulations, animations and
evaluations as explaining models for dynamic processes, being very successful thereby - no doubt, but from
a more philosophical point of view that's not exactly the ideal solution for describing a dynamic physics.
For true understanding we are in urgent need of revolutions (in thinking and as 'turns' :-), we should
reflect on the topic more constructively, starting from a very basic level after having achieved full
abstraction from our traditional imagination of (more or less static) spaces with embedded objects and
processes by strict epistemological reduction to fundamental entities, and we have to aim at a -
maybe disruptive - congruent mathematical model of physical 'reality' that comprises the pervasive and
unstoppable dynamic as main intrinsic property. - Static doesn't occur in quantum reality, and no
model works sufficiently without underlying dynamic. That's for sure!
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* With the horn torus model we leave 'classical mathematics'. Though we pragmatically make use of well
established skills in three dimensions to illustrate the dynamic, the model is not dimensional - neither
Euclidean nor non-Euclidean, neither related to any vector space nor even connected to Hilbert spaces and
the respective formalism - at least not in an obviously predominant way. Horn tori, in particular the
'small' ones, induce an extremely dynamic and complex geometry and simultaneously - the 'big' ones - are
capable to form a nearly static 'flat space' with Euclidean rules when approaching 'infinite size'.
Conventional methods are insufficient or too laborious to describe such a hybrid of dynamic and static
space properly and we maybe have to await further progress in quantum computing for an appropriate
approach and adequate treatment. Then mathematics surely will experience changes, and surprises in physics
cannot be ruled out. But note: here and now, on these pages, we only play a preliminary game!